WhoamI？斯皮尔伯格的人生轨迹

16岁时看了阿拉伯的劳伦斯几乎要放弃拍电影Andwhenthefilmwasover,Iwantedtonotbeadirectoranymorebecausethebarwastoohigh.Itwasthefirsttime,seeingamovie,Irealizedthattherearethemesthatarenx27;tnarrativestorythemes.Therearethemesthatarecharacterthemes,thatarepersonalthemes.ThatDavidLeancreatedaportraiture,surroundedtheportraitwithamuralofscopeandepicaction,butattheheartandcoreofquot;LawrenceofArabiaquot;isquot;WhoamIquot;?IstartedmakingmovieswhenIwasayoungkid,butIrememberthetimeIalmostgaveupmydreamofbeingamoviedirector.Imusthavebeen16.越对什么事情感到自信或确定无疑，成果就越少ThemoreIx27;mfeelingconfidentandsecureaboutsomething,thelessIx27;mgonnaputout.ThemoreIx27;mfeeling,quot;Uh-oh,thiscouldbeamajorproblemingettingthestorytold,quot;Ix27;mgonnaworkovertimetomeetthechallengeandgetthejobdone.Allright,thatx27;sdone.Idonx27;tknowifitx27;sworthit.Spielberg:Andso,Ihatethefeelingofbeingnervous,butIneedtofeelinthismomentIx27;mreallynotsurewhatIx27;mdoing.Andwhenthatvergesonpanic,Igetgreatideas.ThemoreIfeelbackedintoacorner,themorerewardingitbecomeswhenIfiguremywayoutofthecorner.JustbeforeIwentofftomakequot;Jaws,quot;IgottomeetHenryHathaway.Hewaskindofatough-guydirector,andhesaid,quot;Therex27;sgonnabemomentswhereyoux27;regonnagettothesetandyoux27;renotgonnaknowwhatthehellyoux27;redoing.Ithappenstoallofus.Youx27;vegottaguardthatsecretwithyourlife.Letnooneseewhenyoux27;reunsureofyourself.Hidethatfromeverybody,oryoux27;lllosetherespectofeveryone.quot;未见到的潜在危险更让人恐惧，细腻的心理层面Iknewthatitx27;sgonnatakethreeorfourweekstorebuildtheshark,andsowex27;dhavetomakeupsomethingelsethatdidnx27;texactlyshowthesharkbutgavethesensethesharkwasnear.Thebarrelswereagodsend,becauseIdidnx27;tneedtoshowthesharkaslongasthosebarrelswerearound.Whatyoudonx27;tseeisgenerallyscarierthanwhatyoudosee,andthescriptwasfilledwithquot;shark.quot;Sharkhere,sharkthere,sharkeverywhere.Themoviedoesnx27;thaveverymuchsharkinit.JohnWilliams:Ifthesharkhadbeenavailablevisually,itmighthavechangedthewholepsychologyoftheexperience.青少年时期的自我认知，摄像机就是笔Ididnx27;thavealotofhighesteemformyself,youknow,growingup.Ijustwasalonelyguy.Thecamerawasmypen.Iwrotemystoriesthroughthelens.AndwhenIwasabletosayquot;actionquot;andquot;cut,quot;Iwrestedcontrolofmylife.ButIdidnx27;tknowanythingaboutwhetherIwasgonnahaveacareerorwherethiswasgonnago.Ijustknewthatitfilledupthetimeanditgavemeatremendousamountofsatisfaction.AndthesecondIfinishedamovie,IwantedtostartanewonebecauseIfeltgoodaboutmyselfwhenIwasmakingafilm.ButwhenIhadtoomuchtimetothink,allthosescarywhisperswouldstart--startup.Itwasnotfuntobemeinbetweenideasorprojects.遇到伯乐quot;Ifyousignwithus,IwillsupportyouasstronglyinfailureasIwillinsuccess.quot;对镜头语言的掌控StevenBochco:Stevenhadagearinhisbrainthatautomaticallytranslatedwordsintopicturesalmostwithoutitbeingaconsciousprocessforhim.Therewasauniquevisualvoicetherethatyouhadtonotonlypayattentionto,butyouhadtogivesomewhatofafreereinto.Edelstein:Rightoffthebat,itwasclearthatnoonemovedthecameralikeStevenSpielberg.Otherdirectorshadafantasticsenseofspace.OrsonWelles,younameit,peoplewhounderstoodcomposition.ButthewaythatSpielbergx27;scameramovedthroughashotandthenendedupsomewherethatcompletelyshiftedorintensifiedtheemotionofthescene,thatwasjustanaturalgifthehad.Whoknowswherethatcamefrom.Who--butitwashisowntechnique.没人象斯皮尔伯格一样移动摄像机。其他导演有很出色的空间感。随便说一个OrsonWelles非常理解构图。但是斯皮尔伯格在一个镜头中对摄像机的移动，以及在某一处停下来，完全改变或强化了场景的情感，那是他的天分。GeorgeEcksteincalledmeandsaid,quot;Networkx27;sreallyupsetthatthetruckdidnx27;tblowup,sotheyx27;reorderingustogobacktothatcliffandblowthetruckup.quot;AndIsaid,quot;Ix27;mnotgonnadoit.quot;Thedeathofthetruckissoagonizing.Isaid,quot;Imadethattruckdieslowly.quot;Theoil,likeblood,drippingoffthesteeringwheel.Thewheelslowlyrollingtoastop.Thefanstillgoing,butthetruckx27;sdying.Imean,itx27;sthedeathofthetruck.Thatx27;swhattheaudiencewantstosee.Thiscriminalelementpaying--youknow,payingthepriceforwhatitdidtothisman.Iwouldnx27;tdoit.Iwouldnx27;tblowupthetruck.对表达媒介的熟悉Bochco:ForSteven,thelittlescreenwasaninterestingcanvas,andobviouslyhepaintedonitverywell,butheknewthatthisscreensimplywasnx27;talargeenoughcanvas.Spielberg:Forme,directingiscamerawork,andsoIx27;mveryonthefrontlineofthat.Ix27;vegottasetuptheshot,Ix27;vegottablocktheactors,choreographthemovementofthescene,bringthecameraintothechoreography,figureoutwhenthecamerastops,howitmoves,howfaritmoves,whatthecompositionis,soIx27;vealwaysgotmyeyeonthelens,andthatx27;swhatIdo.IevenpickthelensIwant.对我来说，导演就是摄像技术，因此我总是在摄像的前线。我需要设定镜头，隔离演员的因素，为镜头设计动作，将镜头带入到动作中，确定摄像机什么时候停止，怎样移动，移动多远，构图是什么样的，因此我的眼睛总是关注在镜头上，那就是我所做的。我甚至会自己挑选想要的镜头。Scorsese:Hisstrengthisreallytheabilitytobeabletotellastoryinpicturesinstinctively.IsometimeswatchhispicturesonTVwithoutthesoundjusttoseethepictures.Edelstein:PaulineKael,oneofthemostinfluentialfilmcriticsofalltime,wroteinquot;TheNewYorkerquot;thatStevenSpielberghadmadeoneofthemostphenomenaldebutsinthehistoryoffilm.ShecomparedhimtoHowardHawksintermsofhownaturalhisfeelforthemediumwas.WhatKaelsawinSpielbergwassomeonewitharealmoviesense,butshealsosaidshewasnx27;tnecessarilysuretherewasgreatdepthtogowithit.Shedidnx27;tseeasignofanemergingfilmartistlikeMartinScorsese.WhatshesawinsteadwasthebirthofanewgenerationHollywoodhand.幸运的处于一个活跃的文化氛围中Spielberg:Wewerevery,veryfortunatetobepartofthattime.Theculturewasconverging.Itwasfilmmakers,itwasartists,musicians,performers.Itwasanincredible,fertiletime.未曾有意追求电影的精神内核，自己的精神层面会通过工作渗透到作品中Idonx27;tsearchforfilmsconsciouslythathaveaspiritualcore.Therex27;saspiritualpartofmyselfthathappenstobleedoverintothework,andsoIsubconsciously,whichistheonlychoicethatx27;simportant,willfindthingsthatinherentlyhavesomethingofabeliefsystemthatx27;sbeyondourunderstanding,thatx27;salittlebitoutthere.人与人之间的联结Coyote:FormanyyearsIwonderedabouttheuniversalappealofthismovie,andoneday,ithitme.TherearenotwohumansonEarththatarefatherapartthanthosehumansandthataliencreature.AndifElliott,andthemother,andthelittlegirl,andthescientist,couldallloveandempathizeandmakearapprochementandarapportwiththiscreature,so,too,cananytwohumansonEarth,andIthinkthatwasasubtextthatbubbledupthroughthefilmandmusthavetouchedsomething,becauseyoudonx27;tgetmanyfilmsthatareuniversallylovedandappreciated40yearslater.Anditspoketosomething.Somedesiretobeabletoreachacrossboundariesandtouchotherpeople.对儿童演员的特别关照Spielberg:Ithinkallofmymoviesthathavedealtwithyoungpeopleandtheirstoriesareabouttheimportanceofempoweringthesechildrentotakecontrolofthestory,atleasttakecontroloftheirlives.我所有的电影都与年轻人和他们的故事有关，使这些孩子们更强大，控制故事的呈现很重要，至少他们可以控制自己的生活。二战喜剧片带来的失败与挫折ButitwaslikeIcommittedawarcrimebymakingquot;1941.quot;Everyonewasevisceratingit.Iwasreallydevastated.Justthatfeelingoffailure,thatcoldemptiness,whereeveryreminderofthemovie,yougetthatsickfeelinginthecenterofyourstomach,andyoujustwanttogodigaholeandstickyourheadinit.Imean,forthenextyear,Iputmyheadinalotofholes.AndmyfriendGeorgeLucascametotherescue.自身的成熟，期待电影在更本质更人性方面的变化Spielberg:Iwaslookingforadifferentperceptionofmyself.AndifIdidnx27;twanttoconsciouslymakeadepartureandprovesomething,notjusttomyselfbuttoeveryoneelse,Imightnothavechosenquot;ColorPurplequot;asmynextmovie.Butitwasmyfirstreallymaturefilm,whichtookon,youknow,substantive,humanisticsubjectmatter.Iwasturning40andIwaslookingatlifeperhapslessoptimistically.紫色中本可以有更深入的表达Spielberg:Igotintroublewithseveralcriticswhodidnx27;tlikethatIshiedawayfromthelovestorybetweenShugandCelie.AndthescenewhereShugAveryshowsCelie,withamirror,hervagina,thatthatdidnotgointothemovie,whichwouldx27;vereallychangedtheentirenatureandtoneofthefilm.Ijustdidnx27;tgoforthefullmontythewaythebookdid.Imightx27;vedonethathadImadethemovie10yearslater.Iwasjusttimid.Iwasjustalittleembarrassed.Ijustwasnx27;ttherightguytodothat.对自己犹太人身份从拒绝到接受Icertainlyexperiencedbeingexcludedandbeingpickedonanddiscriminatedagainst.AllIwantedtodowasfitin.AndbybeingJewish,therewasnowayIcouldfitintoanything.IbegantodenymyJewishness,youknow,begantodenyeverythingthatIhadacceptedasachildandwasnotwillingtoacceptifitwasgoingtomakemeapariah.Iwasashamedofmyself.IstillfeelashamedofmyselfevenrememberingthatlongstretchofmylifewhereIdidnx27;twanttobeJewishanymore.辛德勒名单的基调Itriedtodoitwithnofancytricks,nofancylenses,nobigHollywoodsweepingcranes.ItriedtotakeallthetoolswithwhichImadesomanyofmyfilmsandjustchuckthemoutthewindow.Ineverhandheldanything,butIwantedtohandholdasmuchofquot;Schindlerx27;sListquot;asIpossiblycould.Ijustwantedtocreateforallofusthefeelingthatwewereabsolutelythereatthetime.光影的隐喻Neeson:OskarSchindlerwasagregariousman.Hewasasecond-ratebusinessman.Bitofashadycharacter,youknow?Amanabouttown,lovedthewomen,lovedhisbooze.Abonvivant,thatx27;swhathewas.Spielberg:Everythingwedointhismediumisaboutlightandshadow,howthecinematographerlightstheactors,lightstheset.Ifyoulookatquot;Schindlerx27;sList,quot;AmonGoethwasalwayslitbeautifully.Healwayshadthatbeautifulfrontlight.Youknow,theguywasveryclear.Therewasnomysteryinhim.Youdonx27;thavetoenhancehisevilness,ifyoumaysay,bylighting.Now,ifyoulookatOskarSchindler,thatwasaconfusedindividual.HecametoPolandtomakemoney,soitx27;salwaysglamorous,butalwaysshadowy.Andthenasthemoviex27;sprogressing,hegetsmorefrontallight.Theshadowsdisappear.身为导演的情感投入，以及电影之外的社会互动Itwas,emotionally,thehardestmovieIx27;veevermade.Kennedy:ThatwasapivotalmomentinStevenx27;slife.Herecognizedhecouldnx27;ttakeanyoftheprofitsfromthefilm.Hewantedtogivesomethingback,sohestartedwhatbecametheShoahFoundation,documentingthatoralhistoryandcapturinghistoryinawaythatallowedpeoplenottoforget.多面手RobertZemeckis:Forafilmmaker,youcanx27;thaveabetterproducerthanoneofthegreatestdirectorsintheworld.Hereallynurturesyoungtalentcomingup.Itx27;saprettyamazingroster.Hex27;salsoamajorfigureinthetelevisionbusiness.Hestartedarestaurant.Dive!Submarinesandwiches.Themanwas,like,doing27thingsatonceandbeingperfectlyunselfconsciousaboutit.Geffen:Idonx27;tthinkStevenreallyfearsanything.Hex27;salwaysreadytogoanddosomethingnew.拯救大兵瑞恩中镜头距离与观众心理感觉的关系，声效，应变能力Spielberg:Itriedvery,veryhardtoputtheaudienceasclosetotheexperienceasIpossiblyknewhowtodosotherewouldnx27;teverbeasafefeelingintheaudience.Andwhenyounarrowthatdistance--ifyoux27;resuccessfulinnarrowingthedistance,thentheaudiencereallybecomesthosecharacters.Edelstein:Inquot;SavingPrivateRyan,quot;Spielbergunderstoodtheexpressionisticpossibilitiesofsound.Andifyoux27;renotSteven,ifyoudonx27;thavethislifetimeofcinematiclanguageinyourhead,thatx27;sadifferentkindofday.Butbecausehiseyeissoconnectedtohisbrainandeverymoviethathex27;severseenandeverymoviethathex27;severmade,hejustwentoutandsaid,quot;Herex27;showwex27;regonnadothis,andthatx27;sit.quot;Incredible.自身的情感挫折与电影作为治疗方法Itwascomplexformeforalongtime,butatleastIhadaartformthatIcouldfilteritthrough.AtleastIhadthat.Ifmoviesdidanythingforme,it--Ix27;veavoidedtherapybecausemoviesaremytherapy.“无论怎样都要争取自由”的电影主题，爱国主义与理想主义Insdorf:Therearepeoplestrugglinginonewayoranotherforfreedominthesemovies.Give...usfree.Hedoesnx27;ttakefreedomforgranted.Spielberg:Ireallybelieveinthiscountry,andIalwayshave.Anditjustresonatedthroughoutmywork--wantingtotellAmericanstories,wantingtotellstoriesaboutprincipled,ethicalpeoplewho,againstalladviceandagainstmosteveryoneelsex27;sbetterjudgment,justproceedtodotherightthing.Ix27;msurethatsoundslikeIx27;mthiskindof,youknow,idealistorsomesortofapatriot,butIamapatriot.AndIx27;msomewhatofanidealist,too.讲故事的方法Stevenworkedalongtimetofindwherethestorywastotellit.斯蒂芬会花很长时间去找在哪里讲故事。保持中立Spielberg:IfeltIcouldnotmakethisone-sided.Andso,Iknewitwouldbecontroversialfromtheveryget-go.DanielCraig:Thismoviewastryingtoaffectandturnonadebate.Isvengeancetheanswer?Doesitactuallysolveanything?Ifyoucontinuethecycleofviolenceandcycleofblood,then...thatx27;swhattheyx27;llbeandnothingelse.Stevenwasverykeentotellahumanstory,thattheseweremenandnotsuperheroes.Theirindecisionandtheirmistakesandtheir--istherealityofwhathappened,youknow?Lifeisnx27;taquot;JamesBondquot;movie.复仇是否就是答案叙事的方法Kushner:Youx27;reinthehandsofsomebodywhowillalwaysshowyouwhatyouneedtoseeinordertounderstand,onanarrativelevel,whatx27;shappening.Andyoux27;llalsoseealotofthingsthatwillhelpyouunderstandondeeperlevelsaswell.Andthatsortofnarrativedevice电影带出的不确定性Hoberman:Themoviewasperceivedtobesufferingfromasenseofmoralequivalence,whichisreallythebravestthingaboutthemovie.Itx27;slookingforaspectsofhumanityonbothsidesofthisconflict.Ambiguityissomethingthatyoudonx27;tnormallyassociatewithSpielbergx27;sfilms,andquot;Munichquot;isthefilmwherehewentthefurthestinthebluntnessandtheferocitywithwhichheapproachedthatsubject.家庭，分离与重聚Spielberg:Familyisabigelementinmylife,whichiswhysomanyofmystoriesareaboutseparationandthenreunification.Evenquot;Lincolnquot;isaboutseparationandreunification.工作团队的稳定，与他人合作，激励同伴Williams:Heunderstandsthatpeopleandcanservehimandhowtosynchronizehiswisheswithyourown.Hewouldx27;vemadeagreatgeneral.在看电影中不断学习Kennedy:Stevenlooksatmoviesconstantlyandoverandoverandoveragain,referencingshotsandframingandideas.Thatx27;ssomethingStevendoesallthetime.Spielberg:Greatfilmmakersx27;worksliveontocreatetremendousmomentsofinspiration.Andso,oneofthefilmsIstillseeeveryyearisquot;LawrenceofArabia.quot;Theshots,thesheervistas,andtheportraitofsuchacomplexcharacter,itx27;spuremoviemaking.伟大的电影导演的工作是创造巨大的启发性时刻。自我审视中的过去，成长Spielberg:Manyyearsago,PaulineKaelgavemeareallygreatreviewonquot;SugarlandExpress,quot;butshesaid,quot;Whateverx27;sonthesurfacemightbeallthatisthere.Theremaybenothingbehindthat.quot;Andshewasabsolutelyright.Ihadnx27;tgrownupyetthroughthemovies.Thatwasgoingtocomeintime.到现在为止的评论Maslin:Takealookatwhathex27;sdoneovercloseto50years.Therex27;scertainlyalotofvariety.Therearesomethingshex27;sdonethathavenx27;tworked,butthereisabsolutelynobodylikehimandnofilmcareertrajectorythatisanythinglikehisinthehistoryoffilm.Hespeakscinemaasifitx27;shisnativelanguage.Heissofluentinitthathedoesthingsthatnobodyelsewoulddaretodoandtheyareinstantlyrecognizableasthingsthatarepurelyhis.Scorsese:Hehasadynamicsenseofrealfilmmaking.Ix27;mtalkingaboutfilmmakingof--inthegreatnarrativetraditionofAmericancinema.真正的电影制作的动态感Coppola:Stevenwasblessedinthathecouldbecommercialandhecoulddoart.Thatx27;swhyIalwayscomparehimtoakindofGeorgeGershwin,becauseGershwincouldwriteaBroadwayshoworhecouldwritequot;ConcertoinF.quot;Hecouldboth,andveryfewpeoplecandoboth.AndStevencandoboth.Andthatx27;satalentyouhavetobebornwith.商业与艺术本文版权归作者Joan所有，任何形式转载请联系作者。